Complex Sentence
An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.
Examples of Complex Sentences
- Stay in the bath until the phone rings.
- Both the cockroach and the bird would get along very well without us , although the cockroach would miss us most. (Joseph Wood Krutch, 1893-1970)
- Leave while you can.
- When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right . When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong . (Arthur C. Clarke) (This is two complex sentences.)
Subordinating Conjunctions in Complex Sentences
The word used to link an independent clause to a dependent clause is called a subordinating conjunction. The most common subordinating conjunctions are although, because, before, even though, if, since, until, and when. In these examples of complex sentences, the subordinating conjunctions are shown in bold.
- We can never obtain peace in the outer world until we make peace with ourselves. (Dalai Lama)
- Wise men speak because they have something to say. Fools speak because they have to say something. (Athenian philosopher Plato)
- Even though he's a moron, I supported Tyson Fury . (Boxer David Haye)
The role of a subordinating conjunction and the dependent clause is to establish a time, a place, a reason, a condition, a concession, or a comparison for the main clause. (NB: Dependent clauses are also known as a subordinate clauses.) Read more about subordinating conjunctions.
The Four Types of Sentence Structure
A complex sentence is one of four main sentence structures, all of which are shown below. In these examples, the independent clauses are shaded.
A Complex Sentence
- The human brain never stops working until you stand up to speak in public.
A Compound Sentence
- I always wanted to be somebody , but I should have been more specific . (Jane Wagner)
A Simple Sentence
- Curiosity killed the cat .
A Compound-Complex Sentence
- I stopped believing in Santa Claus when he asked for my autograph in a department store, but I still want to believe in him .
Why Complex Sentences Are Important
There are two noteworthy issues related to complex sentences.
(Issue 1) Use a comma after a fronted adverbial.
Learning how to spot a complex sentence is useful because it helps with punctuating sentences correctly. In particular, it helps with deciding whether to use a comma with the dependent clause.
- I became a people-watcher when I lost all my friends. (Singer Taylor Swift)
- When I lost all my friends, I became a people-watcher .
- If it is, it is . If it's not, it's not . (Singer Ziggy Marley)
- It is if it is. It's not if it's not.
- When your adverbial is at the front, use a comma.
- Don't use a comma when your adverbial is at the back.
(Issue 2) Uh oh, there's more to Issue 1.
Unfortunately, there is a little more to Issue 1 than stated. The comma really determines whether the clause is restrictive or non-restrictive. However, the simple rule given at Issue 1 will satisfy 99% of situations. Read more about using commas with independent and dependent clauses (see Points 3 and 4).
Read more about adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.
Learning the other sentence structures will also help with punctuating sentences correctly.
Video Lesson
Here is a short video explaining what we mean by complex sentence. video lesson
Are you a visual learner? Do you prefer video to text? Here is a list of all our grammar videos.
This page was written by Craig Shrives.
